随着环保政策的逐步收紧，环保设施安全问题已经成为了大部分工业企业面对的一个重要风险，特别是废气VOCs装置系统的防爆安全，如RTO等焚烧装置。RTO在正常工况下不易发生火灾、爆炸事故。但由于废气成分复杂多变、浓度波动大，易造成焚烧炉运行稳定性较差，存在一定的安全隐患。

　　With the gradual tightening of environmental policies, the safety of environmental protection facilities has become an important risk faced by most industrial enterprises, especially the explosion-proof safety of exhaust VOCs device systems, such as RTO incineration devices. RTO is less prone to fire and explosion accidents under normal operating conditions. However, due to the complex and variable composition of exhaust gas and large concentration fluctuations, it is easy to cause poor stability in the operation of incinerators, which poses certain safety hazards.

　　RTO火灾爆炸事故安全防范措施

　　Safety precautions for RTO fire and explosion accidents

　　1、全面识别风险。对不同废气混合集中收集时，应对各种废气间的相互影响开展风险分析，弄清废气的危险特性。对废气的组分，危险性、爆炸极限、闪点、燃点等进行检定和检测，全面掌握废气的安全风险，避免发生反应。对于废气成分复杂的，应进行安全性分析，例如HAZOP分析，并采取相应的安全措施。?

　　1. Fully identify risks. When collecting different waste gases in a centralized manner, risk analysis should be conducted to understand the mutual influence between various waste gases and clarify their hazardous characteristics. Verify and test the components, hazards, explosion limits, flash points, ignition points, etc. of exhaust gas, comprehensively grasp the safety risks of exhaust gas, and avoid reactions. For complex exhaust gas components, safety analysis should be conducted, such as HAZOP analysis, and corresponding safety measures should be taken.

　　2、优化收集系统。对吸风罩、风机选用进行规范设计，同时废气收集管线需统筹规划，形成支管→主管→处理装置→总排口的收集处理系统，确保废气收集效果。合理选择相关设备和材料，可通过设置缓冲罐、调整风量等预处理设施，严格控制RTO炉入口有机物浓度和流速，保证相对平稳、安全运行。

　　2. Optimize the collection system. Standardize the design of the suction hood and fan selection, and plan the exhaust gas collection pipeline in a coordinated manner to form a collection and treatment system from branch pipe to main pipe, treatment device to main exhaust outlet, ensuring the effectiveness of exhaust gas collection. Reasonable selection of relevant equipment and materials can be achieved by setting up buffer tanks, adjusting air volume and other pre-treatment facilities, strictly controlling the concentration and flow rate of organic matter at the inlet of the RTO furnace, and ensuring relatively stable and safe operation.

　　3、渐进化科学调试。RTO炉调试时理应先进行空载调试，待空载调试稳定后再逐步接入低浓度有机废气，如企业污水池加盖收集后废气、车间换风废气等，最终再逐步接入高浓度废气，同时对拟接入高浓度废气的排放流量、排放浓度进行检测。

　　3. Gradually evolving scientific debugging. During the commissioning of RTO furnace, no-load commissioning should be carried out first. After the no-load commissioning is stable, low concentration organic waste gas should be gradually introduced, such as waste gas collected by covering the enterprise sewage tank, workshop ventilation waste gas, etc. Finally, high concentration waste gas should be gradually introduced, and the emission flow rate and concentration of the proposed high concentration waste gas should be tested.

　　4、安装在线监控系统，设置电控系统操作间。RTO 炉净化处理系统是一项人机高度结合的设备，虽然其自动化程度较高，但必须安排专人进行维护与管理，如 RTO 炉在发生爆炸前有机物浓度常会在短时间内迅速升高，此时系统若有人值守则可提前发出预警并采取必要的措施，避免事故的发生;同时对 RTO 各系统尾气安装 TVOC 浓度在线监控系统，为企业管理提供必要的数据支撑。

　　4. Install an online monitoring system and set up an electrical control system operation room. The RTO furnace purification treatment system is a highly integrated device between humans and machines. Although it has a high degree of automation, it must be maintained and managed by dedicated personnel. For example, before an explosion occurs in the RTO furnace, the concentration of organic matter often increases rapidly in a short period of time. At this time, if there are personnel on duty, the system can issue a warning and take necessary measures to avoid accidents; At the same time, TVOC concentration online monitoring systems will be installed for the tail gas of various RTO systems to provide necessary data support for enterprise management.

　　喷淋塔在设计上需要注意的事项1. 净化装置结构设计和净化介质选择应合理，净化介质与废气接触后不应生成其他有毒有害物质。

　　Precautions for the design of spray towers: 1 The structural design of the purification device and the selection of purification medium should be reasonable, and the purification medium should not generate other toxic and harmful substances after coming into contact with the exhaust gas.

　　2. 如需要向喷淋塔加药，根据所加物性质选择是否采取自动加药方式。如所加物质存在一定的毒性，则必须采用自动加药方式且加药全过程要求实现密闭控制，不得存在泄漏现象。

　　If it is necessary to add chemicals to the spray tower, choose whether to adopt automatic dosing method based on the properties of the added substances. If the added substance has a certain degree of toxicity, automatic dosing must be used and the entire dosing process must be controlled in a closed manner without any leakage.

　　3. 废气净化塔基本配置有视窗及维修人孔、入风口法兰、出口法兰、洗涤液入口、溢流口、排水口、填料、循环水泵、循环水过滤网、循环水管路、洒水喷嘴；其中视窗、维修人孔、溢流口需要保留，方便巡视及检修。

　　3. The basic configuration of the exhaust gas purification tower includes windows and maintenance manholes, inlet flange, outlet flange, washing liquid inlet, overflow port, drainage port, packing, circulating water pump, circulating water filter screen, circulating water pipeline, and sprinkler nozzle; The windows, maintenance manholes, and overflow ports need to be preserved for easy inspection and maintenance.

　　4. 废气净化塔要能实现自动进行PH值检测，定期更换喷淋溶液，保证废气处理效果。整个系统无跑、冒、滴、漏现象。

　　4. The exhaust gas purification tower should be able to achieve automatic pH detection, regularly replace the spray solution, and ensure the effectiveness of exhaust gas treatment. The entire system has no running, emitting, dripping, or leaking phenomena.

　　5. 净化装置所有金属结构表面应用防腐处理。有机废气处理设施存在的常见安全问题1、UV光解、低温等离子等设施未做防潮处理，直接与水喷淋相连，存在电气安全隐患。2、部分设施采用轴流风机，皮带传动置于管道内部，直接与有机废气接触，高速传动中摩擦产生的热量容易成为点火源，诱发火灾。3、设施未在设备主体及厂房之间的管道中安装阻火器或防火阀，加之缺乏清理维护，管道内积聚大量的有机溶剂漆渣，一旦发生火灾容易造成大火。

　　5. All metal structure surfaces of the purification device shall be treated with anti-corrosion measures. Common safety issues with organic waste gas treatment facilities include: 1. UV photolysis, low-temperature plasma and other facilities that have not undergone moisture-proof treatment and are directly connected to water sprays, which poses electrical safety hazards. 2. Some facilities use axial flow fans and belt drives placed inside pipelines, which come into direct contact with organic waste gas. The heat generated by friction during high-speed transmission can easily become an ignition source, triggering fires. 3. The facility has not installed flame arresters or fire dampers in the pipelines between the equipment body and the factory building, coupled with a lack of cleaning and maintenance, resulting in the accumulation of a large amount of organic solvent paint residue in the pipelines. Once a fire occurs, it is easy to cause a major fire.

　　4、应急设施不足，缺乏户外消防栓、无消防水带及水枪，应急情况发生难以第一时间响应。?

　　4. Insufficient emergency facilities, lack of outdoor fire hydrants, no fire hoses and water guns, making it difficult to respond to emergency situations in a timely manner.?

　　企业如何防范有机废气处理设施安全隐患？

　　How can enterprises prevent safety hazards in organic waste gas treatment facilities?

　　1、提升喷漆废气的收集效率，降低喷漆房内的安全风险。喷漆房必须单独隔开，采用密闭作业方式，房内必须使用防爆电气设备。

　　1. Improve the collection efficiency of paint exhaust gas and reduce safety risks in the paint booth. The paint spraying room must be separated separately and operated in a sealed manner. Explosion proof electrical equipment must be used inside the room.

　　2、强化有机废气前处理，做好气渣分离。应使用高效水帘机确保喷漆废气中的绝大部分粉尘、漆渣在水帘机中得到高效处理，并且在高效水帘机后须安装专门的漆渣清理板和清理槽。

　　2. Strengthen the pre-treatment of organic waste gas and do a good job in gas slag separation. An efficient water curtain machine should be used to ensure that the vast majority of dust and paint residue in the spray painting exhaust gas are efficiently treated in the water curtain machine, and a dedicated paint residue cleaning plate and cleaning tank must be installed after the high-efficiency water curtain machine.

　　3、提升有机废气处理工艺。建议淘汰低温等离子等存在安全隐患的处理设备和不符合安全标准的UV光解设施。结合自身生产实际，若采用活性炭吸附的建议提升吸附箱容量；针对饱和活性炭，在确保安全情况下建设安装离线催化燃烧装置进行脱附再生或其他方式处理。

　　3. Improve the organic waste gas treatment process. It is recommended to eliminate processing equipment with safety hazards such as low-temperature plasma and UV photolysis facilities that do not meet safety standards. Based on our own production practice, it is recommended to increase the capacity of the adsorption tank by using activated carbon adsorption; For saturated activated carbon, offline catalytic combustion devices should be installed for desorption regeneration or other treatment methods while ensuring safety.

　　4、必须做好设备的运营维护。应要安排专人负责水帘机、喷淋塔及UV光解箱的漆渣清理，加强废气输送管道清理及喷淋废水的更换频次。必须做好运行维护,建立有机废气处理设施运行管理台帐和第三方定期维护工作机制。对净化装置进行维护检修、更换活性炭、设施运行等环节，做好相关资料记录，资料记录保存期限不得少于三年。

　　4. Equipment operation and maintenance must be done well. A dedicated person should be arranged to be responsible for cleaning the paint residue of the water curtain machine, spray tower, and UV photolysis box, and to strengthen the frequency of cleaning the exhaust gas transmission pipeline and replacing the spray wastewater. It is necessary to do a good job in operation and maintenance, establish a management ledger for the operation of organic waste gas treatment facilities, and establish a third-party regular maintenance mechanism. Maintain and repair the purification device, replace activated carbon, operate the facilities, and keep relevant records. The retention period of the records shall not be less than three years.

　　5、自觉加大对火灾安全隐患排查力度。在楼顶的VOCs设备附近安装消火栓等消防器材，方便救援使用；建议在管道连通至室内位置加装防火阀，防止火焰蔓延至室内；定期开展消防应急演练。随着工业化程度的不断提高，VOCs的污染有进一步扩大的趋势。而随着最近环保政策的愈加严厉，对有机污染废气的排放控制就显得更为重要了。我们一起来数点下国内外都有哪些技术呢？各有什么优缺点呢？

　　5. Consciously increase the investigation of fire safety hazards. Install fire hydrants and other firefighting equipment near the VOCs equipment on the rooftop to facilitate rescue operations; It is recommended to install fire dampers at the indoor location where the pipeline is connected to prevent flames from spreading indoors; Regularly conduct fire emergency drills. With the continuous improvement of industrialization, the pollution of VOCs has a further expanding trend. With the increasingly strict environmental policies recently, the control of organic pollution emissions has become even more important. Let's take a look at the technologies available both domestically and internationally? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

　　1处理原理及分类

　　1. Processing principle and classification

　　目前的挥发性有机污染物的治理包括破坏性，非破坏性方法，及这两种方法的组合。

　　The current treatment of volatile organic pollutants includes destructive and non-destructive methods, as well as a combination of these two methods.

　　破坏性的方法包括燃烧、生物氧化、热氧化、光催化氧化，低温等离子体及其集成的技术，主要是由化学或生化反应，用光，热，微生物和催化剂将VOCs转化成CO2和H2O等无毒无机小分子化合物。

　　Destructive methods include combustion, biological oxidation, thermal oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, low-temperature plasma and its integrated technologies, mainly using chemical or biochemical reactions, light, heat, microorganisms and catalysts to convert VOCs into non-toxic inorganic small molecule compounds such as CO2 and H2O.

　　非破坏性法，即回收法，主要是碳吸附、吸收、冷凝和膜分离技术，通过物理方法，控制温度，压力或用选择性渗透膜和选择性吸附剂等来富集和分离挥发性有机化合物。

　　Non destructive methods, also known as recycling methods, mainly involve carbon adsorption, absorption, condensation, and membrane separation technologies. They enrich and separate volatile organic compounds through physical methods, controlling temperature, pressure, or using selective permeable membranes and selective adsorbents.

　　传统的挥发性废气处理常用吸收、吸附法去除，燃烧去除等，在最近几年中，半导体光催化剂的技术体，低温等离子得到了迅速发展。

　　Traditional volatile exhaust gas treatment commonly uses absorption, adsorption, combustion removal, etc. In recent years, the technology of semiconductor photocatalysts and low-temperature plasma has developed rapidly.

　　2处理工艺解析1.吸附工艺（1）吸附工艺简介吸附法主要适用于低浓度气态污染物的净化，对于高浓度的有机气体，通常需要首先经过冷凝等工艺将浓度降低后再进行吸附净化。吸附技术是最为经典和常用的气体净化技术，也是目前工业VOCs 治理的主流技术之一。吸附法的关键技术是吸附剂、吸附设备和工艺、再生介质、后处理工艺等。

　　2. Process Analysis 1. Adsorption Process (1) Introduction to Adsorption Process Adsorption method is mainly suitable for the purification of low concentration gaseous pollutants. For high concentration organic gases, it is usually necessary to first reduce the concentration through condensation and other processes before adsorption purification. Adsorption technology is the most classic and commonly used gas purification technology, and it is also one of the mainstream technologies for industrial VOCs treatment at present. The key technologies of adsorption method include adsorbent, adsorption equipment and process, regeneration medium, post-treatment process, etc.

　　活性炭因其具有大比表面积和微孔结构而广泛应用于吸附回收有机气体。目前，对活性炭吸附有机气体的研究主要集中在吸附平衡的预测、活性炭材料的改性及有机物的物化性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响。

　　Activated carbon is widely used for adsorption and recovery of organic gases due to its large specific surface area and microporous structure. At present, research on the adsorption of organic gases by activated carbon mainly focuses on the prediction of adsorption equilibrium, modification of activated carbon materials, and the influence of the physicochemical properties of organic matter on the adsorption performance of activated carbon.

　　（2）活性炭吸附工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of activated carbon adsorption technology

　　活性炭纤维吸附有机废气是当今世界上最为先进的技术之一，活性炭纤维比颗粒状活性炭具有更大的吸附容量和更快的吸附动力学性能，活性炭吸、脱附工艺流程见图1。

　　Activated carbon fiber adsorption of organic waste gas is one of the most advanced technologies in the world today. Activated carbon fiber has a larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption kinetics than granular activated carbon. The process flow of activated carbon adsorption and desorption is shown in Figure 1.

　　（3）活性炭吸附工艺影响因素

　　(3) Factors affecting activated carbon adsorption process

　　（4）活性炭净化空气的物理吸附，如图2所示四种情况：分子直径大于孔的直径，由于空间位阻，分子不能入孔，因此不吸附；分子直径等于孔的直径，吸附剂的捕捉力很强，非常适合低浓度吸附；分子直径小于孔的直径，孔内发生毛细管冷凝，吸附容量大；分子直径远小于孔的直径，吸附分子很容易解吸，解吸速率高，低浓度下的吸附量较小。

　　(4) The physical adsorption of activated carbon for air purification is shown in four situations in Figure 2: when the molecular diameter is larger than the pore diameter, due to steric hindrance, the molecules cannot enter the pore and therefore do not adsorb; The molecular diameter is equal to the diameter of the pore, and the capturing power of the adsorbent is strong, making it very suitable for low concentration adsorption; If the molecular diameter is smaller than the diameter of the pore, capillary condensation occurs inside the pore, resulting in a large adsorption capacity; The molecular diameter is much smaller than the pore diameter, and the adsorbed molecules are easily desorbed with a high desorption rate, resulting in a smaller adsorption capacity at low concentrations.

　　（5）活性炭吸附工艺的优缺点优点：适用于低浓度的各种污染物；活性炭价格不高，能源消耗低，应用起来比较经济；通过脱附冷凝可回收溶剂有机物；应用方便，只与同空气相接触就可以发挥作用；活性炭具有良好的耐酸碱和耐热性，化学稳定性较高。

　　(5) Advantages and disadvantages of activated carbon adsorption process: suitable for low concentration of various pollutants; Activated carbon is not expensive, has low energy consumption, and is relatively economical to use; Solvent organic compounds can be recovered through desorption condensation; Easy to apply, can only function in contact with the same air; Activated carbon has good acid and alkali resistance, heat resistance, and high chemical stability.

　　缺点：吸附量小，物理吸附存在吸附饱和问题，随着吸附剂的消耗，吸附能力也变弱，使用一段时间后可能会出现吸附量小或失去吸附功能；吸附时，存在吸附的专一性问题，对混合气体，可能吸附性会减弱，同时也存在分子直径与活性炭孔径不匹配，造成脱附现象；

　　Disadvantages: The adsorption capacity is small, and there is a problem of adsorption saturation in physical adsorption. As the adsorbent is consumed, the adsorption capacity also weakens, and after a period of use, there may be a decrease in adsorption capacity or loss of adsorption function; During adsorption, there is a problem of adsorption specificity, which may weaken the adsorption of mixed gases. At the same time, there is also a mismatch between the molecular diameter and the pore size of activated carbon, resulting in desorption phenomenon;

　　2.吸收工艺

　　2. Absorption process

　　（1）吸收工艺简介用溶液、溶剂或清水吸收工业废气中的挥发性气体，使其与废气分离的方法叫吸收法。溶液、溶剂、清水称为吸收剂。吸收剂不同可以吸收不同的有害气体。

　　(1) Introduction to absorption process: The method of separating volatile gases from industrial waste gas by absorbing them with solution, solvent or clean water is called absorption method. Solutions, solvents, and clean water are called absorbents. Different absorbents can absorb different harmful gases.

　　吸收法使用的吸收设备叫吸收器、净化器或洗涤器。吸收法的工艺流程和湿法除尘工艺近似，只是湿法除尘工艺用清水，而吸收法净化有害气体要用溶剂或溶液。

　　The absorption equipment used in the absorption method is called an absorber, purifier, or washer. The process flow of absorption method is similar to that of wet dust removal process, except that wet dust removal process uses clean water, while absorption method purifies harmful gases using solvents or solutions.

　　（2）吸收工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of absorption technology

　　以石油和天然气回收为例，石油和天然气回收应包括炼油厂，化工厂，石油和天然气站装卸、产生的油气。石油和天然气出厂到销售终端是一个完整的系统。

　　Taking oil and gas recovery as an example, oil and gas recovery should include the loading and unloading of oil and gas from refineries, chemical plants, and oil and gas stations. The transportation of oil and natural gas from the factory to the sales terminal is a complete system.

　　美国和欧洲国家，通常是在加油站采用一阶段和两阶段油气回收措施，即密闭卸油与加油，储罐内油气返回油罐车，在加油时使用真空辅助装置或油箱内压返回储罐。在油库，炼油厂和其他石油制品经销地设置油气回收装置，回收油气。

　　In the United States and European countries, single-stage and two-stage oil and gas recovery measures are usually adopted at gas stations, namely closed unloading and refueling, and the oil and gas in the storage tank are returned to the tank truck. During refueling, vacuum assisted devices or tank pressure are used to return to the storage tank. Install oil and gas recovery devices in oil depots, refineries, and other petroleum product distribution locations to recover oil and gas.

　　吸收法通常用于油气回收。装卸油品时产生的油气进入吸收塔，从出口排出贫油空气，解吸塔内进行吸收液的真空解吸，解吸的吸收液再循环利用，回收塔用汽油将进入的解吸气进行回收，尾气返回吸收塔重复该过程。用溶液吸收法回收挥发性有机物的吸收液通常是特殊的吸收液，吸收液的选择将影响回收效果。

　　Absorption method is commonly used for oil and gas recovery. The oil and gas generated during the loading and unloading of oil products enter the absorption tower, and lean air is discharged from the outlet. The vacuum desorption of the absorption liquid is carried out in the desorption tower, and the desorbed absorption liquid is recycled. The recovery tower uses gasoline to recover the desorbed gas that enters, and the exhaust gas returns to the absorption tower to repeat the process. The absorption solution used to recover volatile organic compounds by solution absorption method is usually a special absorption solution, and the choice of absorption solution will affect the recovery effect.

　　（3）吸收工艺优缺点优点：吸收法工艺比较简单，设备投资较低，操作和维修费用基本与碳吸附法相当，由于吸收介质是采用煤油和吸收液，因此没有二次污染问题。

　　(3) Advantages and disadvantages of absorption process: The absorption process is relatively simple, with lower equipment investment and operation and maintenance costs comparable to carbon adsorption. As the absorption medium uses kerosene and absorption liquid, there is no secondary pollution problem.

　　缺点：此工艺方法回收效率低，对于环保要求较高时，很难达到允许的油气排放标准；设备占地空间大；能耗高；吸收剂消耗较大，需不断补充。

　　Disadvantages: This process method has low recycling efficiency and is difficult to meet the allowable oil and gas emission standards when environmental requirements are high; The equipment occupies a large space; High energy consumption; Absorbent consumption is high and needs to be continuously replenished.

　　3.冷凝工艺（1）冷凝工艺简介油品在储运和销售过程中部分轻烃组分挥发进入大气，造成资源浪费和环境危害。同时有机溶剂广泛应用于工业生产中，每年都有大量的有机溶剂挥发到空气中，危害人类健康，造成严重的环境污染。采取合适的方法回收这些挥发性有机物不但可以降低企业生产成本，而且具有巨大的环保效益。

　　3. Condensation process (1) Introduction to condensation process: During the storage, transportation, and sale of oil products, some light hydrocarbon components evaporate into the atmosphere, causing resource waste and environmental hazards. At the same time, organic solvents are widely used in industrial production, and a large amount of organic solvents evaporate into the air every year, posing a threat to human health and causing serious environmental pollution. Adopting appropriate methods to recover these volatile organic compounds can not only reduce production costs for enterprises, but also have significant environmental benefits.

　　冷凝法是用来回收VOCs的一种有效方法，其基本原理是利用气态污染物在不同的温度和压力下具有不同饱和蒸汽压，通过降低温度和增加压力，使某些有机物凝结出来，使VOCs得以净化和回收。

　　Condensation method is an effective method for recovering VOCs. Its basic principle is to use gaseous pollutants with different saturated vapor pressures at different temperatures and pressures. By reducing the temperature and increasing the pressure, certain organic compounds are condensed to purify and recover VOCs.

　　（2）冷凝工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of condensation technology

　　冷凝式油气回收设备采用多级复叠或自复叠制冷技术，系统流程虽然相对复杂，但其关键部件压缩机和节流机构已全部实现本土化生产，投资和运行成本较低。

　　The condensing oil and gas recovery equipment adopts multi-stage cascade or self cascade refrigeration technology. Although the system process is relatively complex, the key components of the compressor and throttling mechanism have all been localized for production, resulting in lower investment and operating costs.

　　根据换热管工作原理可分为制冷剂回路和气体回路部分，换热管连接两部。在气体循环部分，低温冷媒在换热器中和热的有机溶剂混合气体进行热交换，有机溶剂液化后回收，制冷剂流入储液罐。

　　According to the working principle of heat exchange tubes, they can be divided into refrigerant circuit and gas circuit parts, and the heat exchange tubes are connected to the two parts. In the gas circulation section, the low-temperature refrigerant exchanges heat with the hot organic solvent mixture gas in the heat exchanger. The organic solvent liquefies and is recovered, and the refrigerant flows into the storage tank.

　　制冷剂回路，压缩机将制冷剂压缩成高温高压气态制冷剂，通过风冷冷凝器液化，通过干燥过滤器，在冷媒-制冷剂热交换器中冷的液态制冷剂与冷媒进行热交换，低温冷媒进入储液罐，制冷剂通过吸入过滤器进入压缩机入口，完成整个的制冷剂冷媒换热过程。

　　The refrigerant circuit compresses the refrigerant into a high-temperature and high-pressure gaseous refrigerant, liquefies it through an air-cooled condenser, passes through a dry filter, and exchanges heat with the refrigerant in a refrigerant refrigerant heat exchanger. The low-temperature refrigerant enters the storage tank, and the refrigerant enters the compressor inlet through a suction filter, completing the entire refrigerant refrigerant heat exchange process.

　　（3）冷凝工艺的影响因素冷凝分离法回收轻烃要对原料气体冷却降温。根据原理可分为节流膨胀制冷，膨胀机膨胀制冷。根据工艺可分为制冷剂制冷（如丙烷制冷），节流膨胀制冷，膨胀机膨胀制冷，混合制冷（在膨胀机膨胀制冷或工艺流体自身节流膨胀制冷的基础上外加冷剂制冷）。分离方法包括精馏系统精馏分离，分离器相平衡分离。这个过程一般包括脱水、增压（低压力气体）、精馏和制冷。以上冷凝工艺的各个部分的选择都会影响最终的冷凝效果。

　　(3) The influencing factors of condensation process: The recovery of light hydrocarbons by condensation separation method requires cooling and temperature reduction of the raw material gas. According to the principle, it can be divided into throttling expansion refrigeration and expander expansion refrigeration. According to the process, it can be divided into refrigerant refrigeration (such as propane refrigeration), throttling expansion refrigeration, expander expansion refrigeration, and mixed refrigeration (adding refrigerant refrigeration on the basis of expander expansion refrigeration or process fluid throttling expansion refrigeration). The separation methods include distillation separation in the distillation system and phase equilibrium separation in the separator. This process generally includes dehydration, pressurization (low-pressure gas), distillation, and refrigeration. The selection of each part of the above condensation process will affect the final condensation effect.

　　（4）冷凝工艺优缺点优点：冷凝法是利用物质沸点的不同回收，适合沸点较高的有机物，该方法具有回收纯度高、设备工艺简单、能耗低的优点；并有设备紧凑、占用空间小、自动化程度高、维护方便、安全性好、输出为液态油可直接利用等优点；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of condensation process: Condensation method utilizes the different boiling points of substances for recovery, suitable for organic compounds with higher boiling points. This method has the advantages of high recovery purity, simple equipment process, and low energy consumption; And it has the advantages of compact equipment, small space occupation, high degree of automation, easy maintenance, good safety, and direct utilization of liquid oil output;

　　缺点：单一冷凝法要达标需要降到很低的温度，耗电量巨大，不是真正意义上的“节能减排”。

　　Disadvantages: The single condensation method requires a very low temperature to meet standards, consumes a huge amount of electricity, and is not truly "energy-saving and emission reducing".

　　4.膜分离工艺（1）膜分离工艺简介在石油开采和储运过程中，部分油品挥发到大气中形成的油气中，除空气外，主要C4-C5以及少量芳香烃。这些有机蒸气排放不仅造成严重的资源浪费，而且对空气质量有很大影响，进而影响人类的健康，目前，有机蒸气的分离回收方法主要是冷凝、活性炭吸附、膜分离法、溶剂吸收法。膜分离技术是一种效率较高的分离方法 。

　　4. Membrane Separation Process (1) Introduction to Membrane Separation Process In the process of petroleum extraction and storage, some oil products evaporate into the atmosphere to form oil and gas, mainly C4-C5 and a small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, except for air. These organic vapor emissions not only cause serious resource waste, but also have a significant impact on air quality, thereby affecting human health. Currently, the main methods for separating and recovering organic vapor are condensation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, and solvent absorption. Membrane separation technology is a highly efficient separation method.

　　（2）膜分离工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of membrane separation technology

　　膜分离有机蒸气回收系统是通过溶解-扩散机理来实现分离的。气体分子与膜接触后，在膜的表面溶解，进而在膜两侧表面就会产生一个浓度梯度，因为不同气体分子通过致密膜的溶解扩散速度有所不同，使得气体分子由膜内向膜另一侧扩散，最后从膜的另一侧表面解吸，最终达到分离目的。

　　The membrane separation organic vapor recovery system achieves separation through the dissolution diffusion mechanism. After gas molecules come into contact with the membrane, they dissolve on the surface of the membrane, resulting in a concentration gradient on both sides of the membrane. This is because different gas molecules have different diffusion rates through the dense membrane, causing them to diffuse from the membrane to the other side of the membrane and eventually desorb from the other side of the membrane, ultimately achieving the separation goal.

　　膜分离装置设于高压冷凝器之后，缓冲罐前，由于排放气压缩机能力不足，只有一部分气体经过膜分离装置，其他部分直接进入缓冲罐，渗透气返回至低压冷却器前，尾气进入缓冲罐。

　　The membrane separation device is located after the high-pressure condenser and before the buffer tank. Due to the insufficient capacity of the exhaust gas compressor, only a portion of the gas passes through the membrane separation device, while the rest directly enters the buffer tank. The permeate gas returns to the low-pressure cooler and the exhaust gas enters the buffer tank.

　　（3）膜分离工艺的影响因素支撑层的材质对渗透速率和烃类VOCs回收率产生重要影响，对于同一种材质的支撑层，渗透速率和烃类VOCs 回收率随孔径的减小而增大，但当孔径减到某一临界值时，随孔径的继续减小，渗透速率和烃类VOCs 回收率将减小。

　　(3) The material of the support layer has a significant impact on the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate in membrane separation process. For the same material support layer, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate increase with the decrease of pore size. However, when the pore size decreases to a critical value, the permeation rate and hydrocarbon VOCs recovery rate will decrease as the pore size continues to decrease.

　　（4）膜分离工艺优缺点优点：?膜分离技术是近代石油化工学科中分离科学的前沿技术。它具有投资小、见效快、流程简单、回收率高、能耗低、无二次污染的特点，具有较高的科技含量；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of membrane separation process:? Membrane separation technology is a cutting-edge technology in the field of separation science in modern petrochemical engineering. It has the characteristics of small investment, fast results, simple process, high recovery rate, low energy consumption, and no secondary pollution, and has a high technological content;

　　缺点：投资大；膜国产率低，价格昂贵，而且膜寿命短；膜分离装置要求稳流、稳压气体，操作要求高。

　　Disadvantages: Large investment; The domestic production rate of membranes is low, the price is expensive, and the lifespan of membranes is short; Membrane separation devices require stable flow and pressure of gas, with high operational requirements.

　　5.燃烧工艺（1）燃烧工艺简介一类VOCs 处理方法是所谓破坏性技术，即通过化学或生物的技术使VOCs 转化为二氧化碳、水以及氯化氢等无毒或毒性小的无机物。燃烧法即属此类技术。

　　5. Combustion process (1) Introduction to combustion process. One type of VOCs treatment method is the so-called destructive technology, which converts VOCs into non-toxic or less toxic inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride through chemical or biological techniques. The combustion method belongs to this type of technology.

　　燃烧法分直接燃烧法和催化燃烧法。直接燃烧法适合处理高浓度 VOCs 的废气，因其运行温度通常在800-1200℃时，工艺能耗成本较高，且燃烧尾气中容易出现二恶英、NOx等副产物；由于废气中VOCs浓度一般较低，仅仅依靠反应热，一般难以维持反应所需的温度。

　　The combustion method is divided into direct combustion method and catalytic combustion method. The direct combustion method is suitable for treating high concentration VOCs exhaust gas, as its operating temperature is usually between 800-1200 ℃, resulting in high process energy consumption costs, and by-products such as dioxins and NOx are prone to occur in the combustion exhaust gas; Due to the generally low concentration of VOCs in exhaust gas, it is difficult to maintain the required temperature for the reaction solely relying on the heat of reaction.

　　为了提高热经济性，人们开展了大量的研究，一个方向是改进催化剂的性能使反应温度降低。另一个方向是研究新的工艺技术、新的反应器设计以使反应能在较高的温度下自热地实现。

　　In order to improve the thermal economy, extensive research has been conducted, with one direction being to improve the performance of catalysts to lower the reaction temperature. Another direction is to research new process technologies and reactor designs to enable reactions to self heat up at higher temperatures.

　　（2）燃烧工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principles and processes of combustion technology

　　催化燃烧中，预热式是一种基本的流程形式。有机废气在进入反应器之前，要在预热室中的加热，因为有机废气温度低于100摄氏度时，浓度低，热量不能自给。燃烧净化后，与未处理的废气进行热交换，回收部分的热量。煤气或电加热是该工艺常用的方法，加热到催化反应所需的点火温度。

　　In catalytic combustion, preheating is a basic process form. Organic waste gas needs to be heated in the preheating chamber before entering the reactor, because when the temperature of organic waste gas is below 100 degrees Celsius, the concentration is low and the heat cannot be self-sufficient. After combustion purification, heat exchange is carried out with untreated exhaust gas to recover some of the heat. Gas or electric heating is a commonly used method in this process, heating to the ignition temperature required for catalytic reaction.

　　（3）燃烧工艺的影响因素催化燃烧催化剂的选择是关键，在消除效率和能耗方面其性能具有决定性的作用。对于挥发性有机化合物氧化催化剂一般可分为2类：贵金属催化剂（铂，钯等）和金属氧化物催化剂（铜，铬，锰等），贵金属催化剂被广泛使用于挥发性有机化合物的催化燃烧，因其具有良好的起燃活性。在用于催化氧化VOCs的贵金属催化剂中，铂比钯活性要高。

　　(3) The selection of catalytic combustion catalyst is crucial for the influencing factors of combustion process, and its performance plays a decisive role in eliminating efficiency and energy consumption. Catalysts for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds can generally be divided into two categories: precious metal catalysts (platinum, palladium, etc.) and metal oxide catalysts (copper, chromium, manganese, etc.). Precious metal catalysts are widely used in the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds due to their excellent ignition activity. Platinum is more active than palladium in precious metal catalysts used for catalytic oxidation of VOCs.

　　（4）燃烧工艺优缺点优点：相较与直接燃烧法其辅助燃料费用低，二次污染物NOx生成量少，燃烧设备的体积较小，VOCs去除率较高；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of combustion technology: Compared with direct combustion method, it has lower auxiliary fuel cost, less secondary pollutant NOx generation, smaller combustion equipment volume, and higher VOCs removal rate;

　　缺点：催化剂价格较贵，且要求废气中不得含有会导致催化剂失活的成分。

　　Disadvantages: Catalysts are relatively expensive and require that the exhaust gas must not contain components that can cause catalyst deactivation.

　　6.生物过滤工艺（1）生物过滤工艺简介利用微生物的新陈代谢过程对多种有机物和某些无机物进行生物降解，可以有效去除工业废气中的污染物质，此即为处理有机废气的生物法。

　　6. Biological filtration process (1) Introduction to biological filtration process: Utilizing the metabolic process of microorganisms to biodegrade various organic and certain inorganic substances, it can effectively remove pollutants from industrial waste gas, which is the biological method for treating organic waste gas.

　　最先提出采用微生物处理废气构想的是 Bach，他曾于1923年利用土壤过滤床处理污水处理厂散发的含 H2S 恶臭气体。在德国和荷兰的许多地区，该技术已大规模并成功地应用于控制气味，挥发性有机化合物和空气中的有毒排放，许多常见的空气污染物的控制效率已经达到90％以上。

　　The first person to propose the idea of using microorganisms to treat exhaust gas was Bach. In 1923, he used a soil filter bed to treat the foul odor gas containing H2S emitted from a sewage treatment plant. In many regions of Germany and the Netherlands, this technology has been widely and successfully applied to control odors, volatile organic compounds, and toxic emissions in the air. The control efficiency of many common air pollutants has reached over 90%.

　　（2）生物过滤工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of biological filtration technology

　　生物过滤工艺系统通过气体输送装置，喷淋装置和过滤塔主体三个部分组合而成。挥发性有机化合物通过加压预湿，在过滤塔内与填料层表面的生物膜相接触，挥发性有机物从气相转移到生物膜，进而被微生物分解利用，并且被转化成二氧化碳，水和其他的分子物质，然后将净化后的气体排出。喷淋装置定期向填料层喷洒喷淋液, 以调节填料层的水分含量、pH 值和营养盐含量。

　　The biological filtration process system is composed of three parts: gas delivery device, spray device, and filter tower body. Volatile organic compounds are pre wetted under pressure and come into contact with the biofilm on the surface of the packing layer in the filtration tower. Volatile organic compounds are transferred from the gas phase to the biofilm, and then decomposed and utilized by microorganisms, and converted into carbon dioxide, water, and other molecular substances. The purified gas is then discharged. The spray device regularly sprays spray liquid onto the filling layer to adjust the moisture content, pH value, and nutrient content of the filling layer.

　　（3）生物过滤工艺的影响因素填料：生物滴滤器中, 生物膜生长在填料的表面, 气态有机物流通于填料之间的空隙。填料比表面积的大小在一定程度上反映了微生物的多少, 孔隙率则影响气体、液体的流速, 而填料层的高度对有机物是否处理完全有着重要意义。

　　(3) The influencing factors of biological filtration process: In a biological drip filter, biofilm grows on the surface of the packing, and gaseous organic gas flows through the gaps between the packing. The specific surface area of the filler reflects to some extent the number of microorganisms, while porosity affects the flow rate of gases and liquids. The height of the filler layer is of great significance for the treatment of organic matter.

　　营养液：生物滴滤塔中的营养物质，微量元素和缓冲液均匀喷洒在填料上，以提供生物膜中生物菌群生长和繁殖所需的营养物质。挥发性有机物的去除率一定程度上受营养液的流量，氮和磷的含量等的影响。

　　Nutrient solution: Nutrients, trace elements, and buffer solution from the biological drip filtration tower are evenly sprayed onto the packing to provide the necessary nutrients for the growth and reproduction of microbial communities in the biofilm. The removal rate of volatile organic compounds is to some extent affected by the flow rate of nutrient solution, nitrogen and phosphorus content, etc.

　　进气：生物滴滤器运行过程中, 气体流量、入口气体浓度的大小都对气体本身的去除效率有着显著的影响。

　　Air intake: During the operation of a biological drip filter, the gas flow rate and inlet gas concentration have a significant impact on the removal efficiency of the gas itself.

　　（4）生物过滤工艺优缺点优点：适用范围广，处理效率高，工艺简单，费用低，无二次污染 。

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of biological filtration process: wide applicability, high treatment efficiency, simple process, low cost, and no secondary pollution.

　　缺点：对高浓度、 生物降解性差及难生物降解的 VOCs 去除率低 。

　　Disadvantages: Low removal rate for VOCs with high concentration, poor biodegradability, and difficulty in biodegradation.

　　7.等离子体工艺（1）等离子体工艺简介等离子体污染物控制技术利用气体放电产生具有高度反应活性的粒子与各种有机、无机污染物发生反应，从而使污染物分子分解成为小分子化合物或氧化成容易处理的化合物而被去除。

　　7. Plasma process (1) Introduction to plasma process Plasma pollutant control technology uses gas discharge to generate highly reactive particles that react with various organic and inorganic pollutants, thereby decomposing pollutant molecules into small molecule compounds or oxidizing them into easily treatable compounds for removal.

　　这一技术的最大特点是可以高效、便捷地对多种污染物进行破坏分解，使用的设备简单，占用的空间较小，并适合于多种工作环境。

　　The biggest feature of this technology is that it can efficiently and conveniently decompose various pollutants, use simple equipment, occupy small space, and is suitable for various working environments.

　　（2）等离子体工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principles and processes of plasma technology

　　用于处理挥发性有机物的主要是电晕放电,主要的降解机制如下：在施加的电场下，在电极空间中的电子获得了能量并开始加速。运动的过程中的电子与气体分子相互碰撞，使气体分子被激发、电离或吸附电子成为负离子。

　　The main method used to treat volatile organic compounds is corona discharge, and the main degradation mechanism is as follows: under an applied electric field, electrons in the electrode space gain energy and begin to accelerate. During the process of movement, electrons collide with gas molecules, causing them to be excited, ionized, or adsorbed into negative ions.

　　（3）等离子体工艺的影响因素在降解过程中，电极电压的选择和控制是其主要内容，它会影响放电介质的放电和电子的携能，以及之后的一系列反应，进而影响到降解效率；同时电极电压也作为该方法达到商业应用的一个重要参数，因此电极电压的选择特别关键。

　　(3) The influencing factors of plasma technology in the degradation process include the selection and control of electrode voltage, which affects the discharge of the discharge medium, the energy carrying of electrons, and a series of subsequent reactions, thereby affecting the degradation efficiency; At the same time, electrode voltage is also an important parameter for achieving commercial applications of this method, so the selection of electrode voltage is particularly critical.

　　低温等离子体降解VOCs除了和电极电压有密切关系外,其还受反应器结构、反应背景气氛、VOCs 废气中含水量、放电频率、放电电压、VOCs 的化学结构、催化剂种类、低温等离子体放电形式、反应温度以及 VOCs的初始浓度等的影响,其中以气体浓度和气流量的影响为主。

　　The degradation of VOCs by low-temperature plasma is not only closely related to electrode voltage, but also influenced by reactor structure, reaction background atmosphere, water content in VOCs exhaust gas, discharge frequency, discharge voltage, chemical structure of VOCs, catalyst type, low-temperature plasma discharge form, reaction temperature, and initial concentration of VOCs, among which gas concentration and gas flow rate are the main factors.

　　（4）等离子体工艺优缺点优点：处理效率高，运行费用低，特别对芳烃的去除效率高。

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of plasma technology: high processing efficiency, low operating costs, especially high removal efficiency for aromatic hydrocarbons.

　　缺点：对高浓度 VOCs 处理效率一般，目前主要停留在实验室阶段，缺乏实际应用。

　　Disadvantages: The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is generally average, and currently it mainly remains in the laboratory stage, lacking practical applications.

　　8光催化氧化工艺（1）光催化氧化工艺简介光化学和光催化氧化法是目前研究较多的一种高级氧化技术。光催化反应即在光的作用下进行的化学反应。分子吸收特定波长的电磁辐射后，是分子达到激发态，然后发生化学反应，产生新的物质，或成为热反应的引发剂。

　　8. Photocatalytic oxidation process (1) Introduction to photocatalytic oxidation process Photochemistry and photocatalytic oxidation are currently widely studied advanced oxidation technologies. Photocatalytic reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs under the action of light. After absorbing electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength, molecules reach an excited state and undergo chemical reactions, producing new substances or becoming initiators of thermal reactions.

　　（2）光催化氧化工艺原理及流程

　　(2) Principle and process of photocatalytic oxidation technology

　　Ti02作为一种半导体材料其自身的光电特性决定了它可以用作光催化剂。半导体的能带结构通常是一个电子填充低能量价带（VB）和一个空的高能量的导带（CB），导带和价带之间的区域被称为禁带。

　　As a semiconductor material, the photoelectric properties of TiO2 determine that it can be used as a photocatalyst. The band structure of semiconductors typically consists of an electron filled low-energy valence band (VB) and an empty high-energy conduction band (CB), with the region between the conduction and valence bands referred to as the bandgap.

　　当照射半导体的光能量等于或大于禁带宽度时，其价带电子被激发，跨过禁带进入导带，并在价带中产生相应空穴。电子从价带激发到导带，激发后分离的电子和空穴都有一部分进一步进行反应。

　　When the light energy irradiated on a semiconductor is equal to or greater than the bandgap width, its valence band electrons are excited, crossing the bandgap into the conduction band and generating corresponding holes in the valence band. Electrons are excited from the valence band to the conduction band, and a portion of the separated electrons and holes undergo further reactions after excitation.

　　光催化反应机理见图：

　　The photocatalytic reaction mechanism is shown in the figure:

　　（3）光催化氧化工艺的影响因素研究表明，反应物初始浓度对光催化效率或降解速率有明显的影响。光催化效率随着初始浓度增加而波动，存在明显的浓度转变点；低浓度目标物的光催化降解效率大于高浓度目标物的光催化降解效率。

　　(3) The study on the influencing factors of photocatalytic oxidation process shows that the initial concentration of reactants has a significant impact on the photocatalytic efficiency or degradation rate. The photocatalytic efficiency fluctuates with increasing initial concentration, and there is a clear concentration transition point; The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of low concentration target substances is greater than that of high concentration target substances.

　　湿度对光催化反应的影响尚无一致性结论。对于不同化合物或者不同浓度等实验条件，存在很大的差别。

　　There is no consistent conclusion on the effect of humidity on photocatalytic reactions. There are significant differences in experimental conditions for different compounds or concentrations.

　　（4）光催化氧化工艺优缺点优点：处理效率高，运行费用低，适用于低浓度广范围的 VOCs特别对芳烃的去除效率高；

　　(4) Advantages and disadvantages of photocatalytic oxidation process: high treatment efficiency, low operating costs, suitable for VOCs with low concentration and wide range, especially for high removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons;

　　缺点：对高浓度 VOCs 处理效率一般；主要还停留在实验室阶段，缺乏实际应用。

　　Disadvantages: The treatment efficiency for high concentration VOCs is generally low; Mainly still in the laboratory stage, lacking practical application.

　　9.沸石转轮+RTO工艺（1）工艺原理：

　　9. Zeolite wheel+RTO process (1) Process principle:

　　VOCs废气通过沸石浓缩转轮后，能有效被吸附于沸石中，达到去除的目的。经过沸石吸附的挥发性气体被洁净后直接通过烟囱排放到大气中，转轮持续以1-6转/小时的速度旋转。

　　After passing through the zeolite concentration wheel, VOCs waste gas can be effectively adsorbed onto the zeolite to achieve the purpose of removal. The volatile gases adsorbed by zeolite are cleaned and directly discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney, and the impeller continues to rotate at a speed of 1-6 revolutions per hour.

　　同时将吸附的挥发性有机物传送至脱附区，于脱附区中利用一小股加热气体将挥发性有机物进行脱附，脱附后的沸石转轮旋转至吸附区，持续吸附挥发性有机气体。脱附后的浓缩有机废气送至焚化炉进行燃烧转成二氧化碳及水蒸气排放至大气中。

　　At the same time, the adsorbed volatile organic compounds are transported to the desorption zone, where a small stream of heated gas is used to desorb the volatile organic compounds. The desorbed zeolite wheel rotates to the adsorption zone and continues to adsorb volatile organic gases. The concentrated organic waste gas after desorption is sent to an incinerator for combustion, where it is converted into carbon dioxide and water vapor and discharged into the atmosphere.

　　本文由 工业废气处理  友情奉献.更多有关的知识请点击  http://www.tdyhhb.com/   真诚的态度.为您提供为全面的服务.更多有关的知识我们将会陆续向大家奉献.敬请期待.

　　This article is a friendly contribution from industrial waste gas treatment For more related knowledge, please click http://www.tdyhhb.com/ Sincere attitude To provide you with comprehensive services We will gradually contribute more relevant knowledge to everyone Coming soon.