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制药是社会的关键产业,关系到国民健康。21世纪以来,国内制药产业得到快速发展,为我国民生带来保障的同时,其制造过程中所产生的污染也不可避免地给环境带来了压力。制药工艺包括发酵、化学合成、生物工程、提取等多种,均可能生成一定的废气,对大气环境造成污染,威胁生态,危害人类健康。在中央和地方逐步加强环境保护与治理的背景下,制药企业也成了相关部门的重点关注对象,为此梳理和总结制药过程中有机废气的处理工艺是十分必要的。
Pharmaceutical industry is a key industry in society, which is related to national health. Since the 21st century, the domestic pharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, providing security for people's livelihoods in China. However, the pollution generated during its manufacturing process inevitably puts pressure on the environment. Pharmaceutical processes include fermentation, chemical synthesis, biotechnology, extraction, and many others, all of which may generate certain exhaust gases, causing pollution to the atmospheric environment, threatening ecology, and endangering human health. Against the backdrop of gradually strengthening environmental protection and governance at the central and local levels, pharmaceutical companies have also become a key focus of relevant departments. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and summarize the treatment processes of organic waste gas in the pharmaceutical process.
Part1
Part1
制药车间废气及其危害为实现既定的药效,药品的成分是复杂的,且这些成分需要以一定的方式组合起来,而这就决定了药物制造是一个复杂的流程,也难以避免地产生各类废气,尤其是有机废气。(1)含硫化合物,能够进一步产生硫化氢和二氧化硫,甚至产生三氧化硫、硫酸和其他硫酸根化合物。(2)含氮化合物,可以再生成一氧化氮、二氧化氮,甚至硝酸、硝酸化合物以及臭氧。(3)碳氢化合物,进一步生成一氧化碳和二氧化碳。(4)碳氢化合物,很容易生成挥发性有机物结合体,再生成醛类和酮类物质。(5)卤素化合物,可进一步生成氯化氢、氟化氢等污染物。(6)无机颗粒物,主要是粉碎、碾磨、筛分、焚烧等工艺后产生的粉尘和烟尘。而另一方面,因为在加工过程中需要使用大量的挥发性有机溶剂比如乙酸乙酯、丙酮、苯类、醇类、醋酸丁酯等,也会产生VOCs 污染。由此可见,制药过程所产生的废气不仅成分复杂、类型多元化,其废气总量、流量也大,处理较为困难。制药废气中很多污染物都有一定的污染性,会对环境和人体造成危害。其中存在的部分颗粒物即粉尘、烟尘,会损害人类的眼睛、鼻腔、咽部、肺脏等器官,还会携带一定的有害微生物;一氧化碳浓度过高会引发人体中毒;氮氧化物伤害人体多种器官,腐蚀人体皮肤;硫氧化物刺激眼睛,可致癌;VOCs 多有毒性,部分有致癌能力,伤及肝脏、肾脏、循环系统、生殖系统等。而这些污染物又具有破坏臭氧层、腐蚀周边建筑物等基础设施、危害动植物破坏生态系统、易燃易爆等“能力”,危害巨大。
Pharmaceutical workshop exhaust gas and its hazards: In order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the components of drugs are complex and need to be combined in a certain way, which determines that drug manufacturing is a complex process and inevitably produces various types of exhaust gases, especially organic exhaust gases. (1) Sulfur containing compounds can further produce hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, and even produce sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, and other sulfate compounds. (2) Nitrogen containing compounds can regenerate nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, even nitric acid, nitrate compounds, and ozone. (3) Hydrocarbons further generate carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. (4) Hydrocarbons can easily form volatile organic compound complexes and regenerate into aldehydes and ketones. (5) Halogen compounds can further generate pollutants such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride. (6) Inorganic particulate matter mainly refers to dust and smoke generated after processes such as crushing, grinding, screening, and incineration. On the other hand, because a large amount of volatile organic solvents such as ethyl acetate, acetone, benzene, alcohols, butyl acetate, etc. are required during the processing, VOCs pollution can also be generated. From this, it can be seen that the waste gas generated during the pharmaceutical process is not only complex in composition and diverse in types, but also has a large total amount and flow rate, making it difficult to treat. Many pollutants in pharmaceutical waste gas have a certain degree of pollution, which can cause harm to the environment and human health. Some of the particles present in it, namely dust and smoke, can damage human organs such as eyes, nose, throat, lungs, and carry certain harmful microorganisms; Excessive concentration of carbon monoxide can cause poisoning in the human body; Nitrogen oxides damage various organs of the human body and corrode the skin; Sulfur oxides can irritate the eyes and cause cancer; VOCs are often toxic and some have carcinogenic properties, which can harm the liver, kidneys, circulatory system, reproductive system, etc. And these pollutants have the "ability" to destroy the ozone layer, corrode surrounding infrastructure such as buildings, harm animals and plants, destroy ecosystems, and are flammable and explosive, posing a huge threat.
Part2
Part2
制药车间颗粒废气治理工艺制药过程中所产生的烟尘和粉尘,一般能够采用机械、洗涤、过滤、静电等方式进行消除。2.1机械除尘工艺该方式主要根据废气颗粒物的自身物理性质,通过机械干预,使得其在一定的运动或平衡后基于惯性、离心性和重力来逐步分离。其中重力沉降室是在上面设置一个烟尘通过的管道,并在中间位置留充分的时间,并设置相应的上下障碍,使得粉尘与烟尘依靠自己的重力降到下面的装置中,而不含有烟尘和粉尘的相对干净的气体则通过另一侧的管道口流出。惯性除尘器则是给含尘气体一个较大的向下推力,使得其沿着固定的方向前进,然后在吸尘筐上方急剧转弯,使得空气能够转弯流走,而粉尘烟尘则可以凭借惯性滞留在筐中,使得空气尽量得到净化。旋风除尘器则是设置立体锥形的装置,含尘气体进入后被旋转运动,烟尘和粉尘因为离心力而被逐步分离到底部,而净化后的空气则在中间上升排出。2.2洗涤除尘工艺对于废气中存在的颗粒物,也可以采用洗涤的方式进行消除。具体的方法是用纯净水或者带有一定洗涤功能的液体,让废气从液体中穿过,而颗粒物随之能够与液体结合,干净的空气则可以从水中溢出,由此就可以对空气进行净化。为提升去除的效率,也可以将液体物质形成一道膜,使得废气的穿越更为简单迅速。这种借助水体来除尘的方式也被称为湿式法。在实践中,会以喷淋洗涤除尘器作为基础性装置。在一般的压强和气体输入速率下,去除效率可以达到80%,为提升该效率,可以采用增加压强等方式。2.3过滤除尘工艺对于废气中的烟尘和粉尘颗粒物,还可以采用过滤的方式将其滞留。因为颗粒物的体积较小,要对其成功过滤就需要更小的过滤膜。一般来说,制药车间产生的粉尘颗粒直径在60 μm 左右,这就需要其过滤膜的孔径在10 μm 左右。相关研究表明,过滤方式具有较好的除尘效果,同时减小风速。增加颗粒层厚度能够提升除尘的效果。随着过滤工作的开展,粉尘烟尘颗粒会聚集在过滤膜的一侧,这就需要进一步将其清除,以供反复使用。实践中也可以将过滤和机械2种工艺结合,使得烟尘和粉尘颗粒能够先被分离后,再经过过滤膜,使得空气的净化效果更佳,甚至粉尘烟尘去除率达到99%。2.4静电除尘工艺对于粉尘和烟尘颗粒物,采用高压静电场,能够将其吸附到正负两极处,由此实现对废气的净化。在实践中,该工艺更适合烟尘的处理,因为强大的电场,能够更为精准地吸附离子,使得去除率高达99% 以上。而对于粉尘颗粒物该方法的去除效果不佳。因此经常看到一些制药厂的烟囱上方就安装了该类设备,将排放的烟尘直接通过强大的电场,烟气得到较好的处理后直接排放到空气中。
The particulate waste gas treatment process in pharmaceutical workshops can generally eliminate the smoke and dust generated during the pharmaceutical process through mechanical, washing, filtering, electrostatic, and other methods. 2.1 Mechanical dust removal process This method mainly relies on the physical properties of exhaust particulate matter, and through mechanical intervention, gradually separates it based on inertia, eccentricity, and gravity after a certain motion or balance. The gravity settling chamber is equipped with a pipeline for smoke and dust to pass through, with sufficient time left in the middle position and corresponding up and down barriers set up, so that the dust and smoke can fall into the device below by their own gravity, while relatively clean gas without smoke and dust flows out through the pipeline outlet on the other side. Inertial dust collector provides a large downward thrust to the dusty gas, causing it to move forward in a fixed direction and then make a sharp turn above the vacuum cleaner basket, allowing the air to turn and flow away. Dust and smoke particles can be retained in the basket by inertia, purifying the air as much as possible. The cyclone dust collector is a device with a three-dimensional cone shape. After the dust containing gas enters, it rotates and moves. The smoke and dust are gradually separated to the bottom due to centrifugal force, while the purified air rises and is discharged in the middle. 2.2 The washing and dust removal process can also be used to eliminate particulate matter present in exhaust gas through washing. The specific method is to use pure water or a liquid with a certain washing function to let the exhaust gas pass through the liquid, and the particles can then combine with the liquid. Clean air can overflow from the water, thus purifying the air. To improve the efficiency of removal, liquid substances can also be formed into a film, making the passage of exhaust gas simpler and faster. This method of using water to remove dust is also known as wet method. In practice, a spray washing dust collector will be used as the basic device. Under normal pressure and gas input rate, the removal efficiency can reach 80%. To improve this efficiency, methods such as increasing pressure can be used. 2.3 The filtration and dust removal process can also be used to retain smoke and dust particles in the exhaust gas through filtration. Due to the small volume of particulate matter, a smaller filter membrane is required for successful filtration. Generally speaking, the diameter of dust particles generated in pharmaceutical workshops is around 60 μ m, which requires the pore size of their filtration membrane to be around 10 μ m. Related studies have shown that filtration methods have good dust removal effects while reducing wind speed. Increasing the thickness of the particle layer can improve the dust removal effect. As the filtration process progresses, dust and smoke particles will accumulate on one side of the filtration membrane, which requires further removal for repeated use. In practice, the combination of filtration and mechanical processes can also be used to separate smoke and dust particles before passing through a filtration membrane, resulting in better air purification effects and even a dust and smoke removal rate of 99%. 2.4 The electrostatic precipitator process uses a high-voltage electrostatic field to adsorb dust and particulate matter to the positive and negative poles, thereby purifying the exhaust gas. In practice, this process is more suitable for the treatment of smoke and dust because the strong electric field can adsorb ions more accurately, resulting in a removal rate of over 99%. However, the removal effect of this method for dust particles is not satisfactory. Therefore, it is often seen that such equipment is installed above the chimneys of some pharmaceutical factories, which directly passes the emitted smoke and dust through a strong electric field. After good treatment, the smoke and dust are directly discharged into the air.
Part3
Part3
制药车间有机废气治理工艺除了粉尘、烟尘等微小颗粒物,制药车间还会释放一定的有机废气,对此可以采用的治理工艺包括吸收、吸附、冷凝、燃烧、生物处理、光催化氧化、等离子体净化等。3.1吸收工艺该方法是指通过一定的溶液对有机废气进行吸收,使得污染物被滞留在液体中,而干净的空气能够被释放出去。该方法治理有机废气与采用洗涤工艺去除粉尘烟尘的原理近似,不同的是该方法不仅将有机污染物溶于水,还可以将其与液体中的化学物质反应,生成其他的无害物质。一般来说,吸收液中会以氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、石灰、氨水等碱性物质为溶剂,或者以硫酸、盐酸为溶剂,甚至以简单的脂、醚、酮类物质为溶剂,相应地对各类有机废气进行吸收和溶解。一般来说采用该方法所带来的有机废气处理效率可以达到95% 以上。3.2吸附工艺吸附工艺的原理是利用一些具有吸附能力的材料将污染物吸附在表面,使得其集中并得以进一步的处理。目前常见的吸附材料包括活性炭、分子筛、沸石、硅藻土、硅胶、活性氧化铝等。吸附的工艺决定了其需要较多的材料对一定范围的污染物进行吸附,即很难同时快速地处理大量的污染物。基于其较好的处理能力和不足的处理量度,适合一些毒性大但浓度不高的污染物的处理。在吸附后可以再湿式回收、焚烧等。根据相关研究结果发现,利用活性炭作为吸附材料,给予充分的接触时间,能够吸附95% 以上是污染物。因为这些材料需要更换,无论是更换时需要的人工还是材料本身,都需要更多的成本。
In addition to small particles such as dust and smoke, the treatment process for organic waste gas in pharmaceutical workshops also releases a certain amount of organic waste gas. Treatment processes that can be used for this include absorption, adsorption, condensation, combustion, biological treatment, photocatalytic oxidation, plasma purification, etc. 3.1 Absorption process This method refers to the absorption of organic waste gas through a certain solution, so that pollutants are retained in the liquid and clean air can be released. The principle of using this method to treat organic waste gas is similar to that of using a washing process to remove dust and smoke. The difference is that this method not only dissolves organic pollutants in water, but also reacts them with chemical substances in the liquid to generate other harmless substances. Generally speaking, alkaline substances such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, lime, and ammonia water are used as solvents in the absorption solution, or sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are used as solvents, and even simple lipids, ethers, and ketones are used as solvents to absorb and dissolve various organic waste gases accordingly. Generally speaking, the organic waste gas treatment efficiency brought by this method can reach over 95%. 3.2 Adsorption Process The principle of adsorption process is to use some materials with adsorption ability to adsorb pollutants on the surface, so that they can be concentrated and further processed. At present, common adsorption materials include activated carbon, molecular sieves, zeolites, diatomaceous earth, silica gel, activated alumina, etc. The adsorption process requires a large amount of materials to adsorb a certain range of pollutants, making it difficult to simultaneously and rapidly process a large amount of pollutants. Based on its good processing capability and insufficient processing measurement, it is suitable for the treatment of some highly toxic but low concentration pollutants. After adsorption, it can be wet recovered, incinerated, etc. According to relevant research results, using activated carbon as an adsorbent material with sufficient contact time can adsorb over 95% of pollutants. Because these materials need to be replaced, both the labor required for replacement and the materials themselves require more costs.
3.3冷凝工艺利用不同空气成分凝点不同的原理,将有机废气进行降温、加压处理,使得有机废气能够脱离于空气,因为用到了冷凝的技术,被称为冷凝法。在实践中需要用到冷却液,如果需要接触冷却液,就称之为接触冷凝工艺,如果不需要接触冷凝液,则称之为表面接触冷凝工艺,是依靠冷却壁进行热量的传导。采用该工艺的优势是处理的废气可以根据不同的冷凝点获得单一的物质,因此具有很高的纯度,能够被回收利用。3.4燃烧净化工艺有机废气所含的物质多是以碳、氢、氧为主,这些有机物在燃烧后通常生成的是没有危害的水和二氧化碳。由此可见利用焚烧的工艺,能够便捷地去除有机污染物。在实践中,可以采用直接焚烧、热力焚烧、催化焚烧3 种方式。其中直接焚烧是指用其他的火源直接将废气加热到燃点,与氧气发生焚烧反应,这适合一些密度比较高的废气,即密度高到可以直接焚烧;热力焚烧则是指通过其他加热手段一直对气体进行加热,使得其处于较高的温度环境下与氧气发生反应,并不一定能够自我焚烧,这适合一些密度较低的废气;催化燃烧是指利用催化剂,将废气置于300℃左右的温度下,使得其与氧气反应生成水与二氧化碳。相对来说,催化燃烧具有更高的安全性,不需要太高的温度,但缺点是催化剂往往具有毒性。在实际探索中,可以采用蓄热式焚烧炉来开展直接焚烧工作,能够为有机废气的燃烧提供高温条件,这种焚烧所释放的热能还能够由蓄热体吸收,进而对后续的有机废气提供热量促使其继续焚烧。这种装置具有较高的处理效率,也能够一次性处理较多的废气,但不足之处是成本较高,需要初期投入较大的资金。为使得不同特点的废气都可以焚烧,也可以将直接焚烧与热力焚烧结合,不同时间段或者不同的焚烧空间结合。事实上,单纯地进行焚烧也不一定将废气中所有污染物进行消除,因此对于焚烧后的空气,也可以继续进行洗涤,而此次洗涤因为有较高的温度加持,在管道中喷洒相应的液体比如水,效果更佳。采用焚烧和洗涤结合的方式,去除率可达99% 以上。3.5生物处理工艺生物的新陈代谢具有“化腐朽为神奇”的功效,能将一些污染物吸收,通过内部的生物运转,生成其他的无害物质。其中微生物因为繁殖迅速、生物能量大、可定向培养,成为处理各类污染物质的最佳选择。对于有机废气来说,有多种生物处理方式,先用湿式吸收方法将污染物溶解到水体中,然后在水体中培养微生物使其化解污染物,这被称为生物吸收法。将微生物吸附在固体的过滤材料上,并直接接触有机废气,让污染物被吸附和处理,这被称为生物过滤法。相对来说,生物吸收法将污染物固定在水体中,可以有充分的时间消解,更安全一些,而生物过滤法则因为气体的流动性,效率不高。根据技术原理可以看出,微生物降解废水废气的方法优势明显,具有较高的安全性,将污染物净化得也比较彻底,在一次性投资后不需要太高的运营维护费用等。但同样也有一定的劣势,包括占地面积大、生物群落需要处理等。近年来学界又研究了一些其他的生物学处理工艺,包括生物滤池、生物洗涤、生物滴滤等。其中生物过滤池由水泵、鼓风机、生物填料、补气管道、过滤池等构成;生物洗涤器包括生物洗涤池、再生反应池、水泵等构件;生物滴滤塔包括风机、水泵、生物填料、喷淋液等构件。实践中可以将生物洗涤和生物滴滤两种方法进行组合,可以借用吸收了有机废气的水体作为循环水,在洗涤塔、生化塔中置入一定的填料,定向培养分解污染物的微生物,持续一周时间可将污染物降低90%。3.6光催化氧化工艺该工艺是近年来被发明的,其基于半导体光催化剂于一定波长光的驱动下产生的强氧化性羟基自由基和负氧离子,把有机废气分解成无害的水与二氧化碳。实践中最有效的材料是二氧化钛,因为其自身没有毒性,且在自然界中广泛存在,获取的成本比较低,同时也不需要太苛刻的条件就能够作为催化剂,成效也比较符合预期。有一种被称为多段式臭氧光催化的工艺,其涵盖了紫外光光解、臭氧氧化、臭氧催化氧化3 个流程,需要鼓风机、活性炭吸附床、气泵、臭氧光催化塔等构件,制药有机废气从鼓风机处通过空气泵进入活性炭吸附床,经过吸附后被紫外光光解,然后导入臭氧光催化塔,进行臭氧氧化和催化氧化,最终得到干净的气体。利用这种工艺,对制药车间的有机废气清除率可达85%。3.7低温等离子体净化工艺该技术利用了物质的等离子形态的特点,其技术思路是,物体除了固液气三相之外,还有等离子形态,是一种物质在气态下因为被电离而处于的不稳定形态,自身的分子态会部分破裂,进而形成电子、离子、原子和自由基。对于有机废气来说,其形成的该形态下就会有一定的氢氧根离子、臭氧等。等离子态,就是这些离子中的正负电荷数是等同的。对有机废气施加一个高压的电场,使得电子在高速下冲击有机废气分子,使得其在低温下形成等离子体状态,并由此生成小分子无害物质。在实践中,治理废气会使用脉冲电晕放电或者介质阻挡放电的方式,其能够在常压下进行。
3.3 The condensation process utilizes the principle that different air components have different condensation points to cool and pressurize organic waste gas, allowing it to detach from the air. This is known as the condensation method due to the use of condensation technology. In practice, it is necessary to use coolant. If contact with coolant is required, it is called contact condensation process. If contact with condensate is not required, it is called surface contact condensation process, which relies on the conduction of heat through the cooling wall. The advantage of using this process is that the treated exhaust gas can obtain a single substance according to different condensation points, thus having high purity and being recyclable. 3.4 Combustion purification process Organic waste gas mainly contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which usually produce harmless water and carbon dioxide after combustion. It can be seen that the use of incineration technology can conveniently remove organic pollutants. In practice, three methods can be used: direct incineration, thermal incineration, and catalytic incineration. Direct incineration refers to using other sources of ignition to directly heat the exhaust gas to its ignition point and undergo an incineration reaction with oxygen. This is suitable for some high-density exhaust gases, which are so dense that they can be directly incinerated; Thermal incineration refers to the continuous heating of gas through other heating methods, allowing it to react with oxygen at a higher temperature environment, and may not necessarily self incinerate, which is suitable for some low-density exhaust gases; Catalytic combustion refers to the use of a catalyst to place exhaust gas at a temperature of around 300 ℃, allowing it to react with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. Relatively speaking, catalytic combustion has higher safety and does not require too high a temperature, but the disadvantage is that the catalyst often has toxicity. In practical exploration, a thermal storage incinerator can be used to carry out direct incineration work, which can provide high-temperature conditions for the combustion of organic waste gas. The heat released by this incineration can also be absorbed by the thermal storage body, thereby providing heat to the subsequent organic waste gas to promote its continued incineration. This device has high processing efficiency and can also process a large amount of exhaust gas at once, but the disadvantage is that the cost is high and requires a large initial investment. In order to incinerate exhaust gases with different characteristics, direct incineration can also be combined with thermal incineration at different time periods or incineration spaces. In fact, simply incinerating does not necessarily eliminate all pollutants in the exhaust gas. Therefore, for the air after incineration, it can continue to be washed, and this washing is more effective by spraying corresponding liquids such as water in the pipeline due to the high temperature. By combining incineration and washing, the removal rate can reach over 99%. 3.5 Biological treatment process: The metabolism of organisms has the effect of "turning decay into magic", which can absorb some pollutants and generate other harmless substances through internal biological operation. Microorganisms, due to their rapid reproduction, high biological energy, and ability to be selectively cultured, have become the best choice for treating various pollutants. For organic waste gas, there are various biological treatment methods. Firstly, wet absorption method is used to dissolve pollutants into water, and then microorganisms are cultivated in the water to dissolve the pollutants, which is called biological absorption method. The process of adsorbing microorganisms onto solid filter materials and directly contacting organic waste gas to allow pollutants to be adsorbed and treated is called biofiltration. Relatively speaking, the biological absorption method fixes pollutants in the water body, which allows sufficient time for digestion and is safer, while the biological filtration method is less efficient due to the fluidity of the gas. According to the technical principles, it can be seen that the method of microbial degradation of wastewater and exhaust gas has obvious advantages, high safety, and thorough purification of pollutants. After a one-time investment, it does not require too high operating and maintenance costs. But there are also certain disadvantages, including a large footprint and the need to deal with biological communities. In recent years, the academic community has also studied some other biological treatment processes, including biofilters, biological washing, and biological drip filtration. The biological filtration tank consists of a water pump, blower, biological packing, air supply pipeline, filtration tank, etc; Biological scrubbers include components such as biological washing tanks, regeneration reaction tanks, water pumps, etc; The biological drip filtration tower includes components such as fans, water pumps, biological fillers, and spray liquids. In practice, a combination of biological washing and biological drip filtration methods can be used. Water bodies that have absorbed organic waste gases can be used as circulating water, and certain fillers can be placed in the washing tower and biochemical tower to selectively cultivate microorganisms that decompose pollutants. After one week, pollutants can be reduced by 90%. 3.6 Photocatalytic oxidation process This process has been invented in recent years, which is based on the strong oxidative hydroxyl radicals and negative oxygen ions generated by semiconductor photocatalysts driven by a certain wavelength of light, decomposing organic waste gas into harmless water and carbon dioxide. The most effective material in practice is titanium dioxide, as it is non-toxic and widely present in nature. The cost of obtaining it is relatively low, and it does not require too harsh conditions to be used as a catalyst. The effectiveness is also in line with expectations. There is a process called multi-stage ozone photocatalysis, which includes three processes: ultraviolet photolysis, ozone oxidation, and ozone catalytic oxidation. It requires components such as a blower, activated carbon adsorption bed, air pump, and ozone photocatalytic tower. Pharmaceutical organic waste gas enters the activated carbon adsorption bed through an air pump from the blower, undergoes ultraviolet photolysis after adsorption, and then enters the ozone photocatalytic tower for ozone oxidation and catalytic oxidation, ultimately obtaining clean gas. By using this process, the organic waste gas removal rate in the pharmaceutical workshop can reach 85%. 3.7 Low temperature plasma purification process This technology utilizes the characteristics of the plasma form of a substance. Its technical idea is that in addition to the solid liquid gas three-phase, an object also has a plasma form, which is an unstable state of a substance in the gas state due to ionization. Its molecular state will partially break, forming electrons, ions, atoms, and free radicals. For organic waste gas, there will be certain hydroxide ions, ozone, etc. in its formed form. Plasma state means that the number of positive and negative charges in these ions is equal. Applying a high-voltage electric field to organic waste gas causes electrons to impact the organic waste gas molecules at high speed, resulting in the formation of a plasma state at low temperatures and the generation of small molecule harmless substances. In practice, pulse corona discharge or dielectric barrier discharge are used to treat exhaust gas, which can be carried out under normal pressure.
Part4结束语
Part 4 Conclusion
因为复杂的制药流程,在制药车间会产生各类污染性废气,包括颗粒状粉尘和烟尘,也包括一些有机污染物。可以通过多种方式对这些污染物进行消除,而为了更好地提升去除效果,降低处理成本,应当将多种处理方式进行结合,并在生物工程、催化剂等领域进行积极创新。
Due to the complex pharmaceutical process, various types of polluting exhaust gases are generated in the pharmaceutical workshop, including particulate dust and smoke, as well as some organic pollutants. There are various ways to eliminate these pollutants, and in order to improve removal efficiency and reduce treatment costs, multiple treatment methods should be combined and actively innovated in fields such as biotechnology and catalysts.
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