危废暂存间作为危险废物临时存放的关键场所，其安装标准关乎环境安全与企业合规运营。严格遵循相关标准进行建设，不仅能有效防止危险废物泄漏、扩散，减少对土壤、水体和大气的污染，还能确保企业避免因违规建设而面临的法律风险与经济损失。这些标准涵盖选址、建筑结构、分区管理、安全设施、通风系统、标识与台账等多个层面，共同构成一个严密的安全防护体系。

　　As a key location for the temporary storage of hazardous waste, the installation standards of the hazardous waste temporary storage room are related to environmental safety and corporate compliance operations. Strictly following relevant standards for construction can not only effectively prevent the leakage and spread of hazardous waste, reduce pollution to soil, water and atmosphere, but also ensure that enterprises avoid legal risks and economic losses caused by illegal construction. These standards cover multiple aspects such as site selection, building structure, zoning management, safety facilities, ventilation systems, signage, and ledger, collectively forming a rigorous safety protection system.

　　选址层面，危废暂存间应远离水源保护区、居民区上风向以及地下水位高的区域。水源保护区对水质要求极高，一旦危废泄漏，将对饮用水安全造成严重威胁；设在居民区上风向，泄漏产生的有害气体易随气流扩散至居民聚居区，危害居民健康；地下水位高的区域则增加了防渗难度，一旦发生渗漏，危险废物中的有害物质容易渗透到地下水中。理想的选址应位于地质稳定、运输便利的厂区边缘，这样既便于危险废物的收集与转运，又能与厂区核心生产区保持安全距离，降低安全风险。同时，要远离火源与高温设备，防止因火灾或高温引发危险废物的化学反应，导致爆炸或泄漏。

　　At the site selection level, hazardous waste storage rooms should be located away from water source protection areas, upwind residential areas, and areas with high groundwater levels. Water source protection areas have extremely high requirements for water quality. Once hazardous waste leaks, it will pose a serious threat to the safety of drinking water; Located in the upwind direction of residential areas, harmful gases generated by leaks are prone to spread to residential areas with the airflow, posing a threat to residents' health; Areas with high groundwater levels increase the difficulty of anti-seepage. Once leakage occurs, harmful substances in hazardous waste can easily penetrate into the groundwater. The ideal site selection should be located at the edge of the factory area with stable geology and convenient transportation, which not only facilitates the collection and transportation of hazardous waste, but also maintains a safe distance from the core production area of the factory area, reducing safety risks. At the same time, it is necessary to stay away from fire sources and high-temperature equipment to prevent chemical reactions of hazardous waste caused by fires or high temperatures, which may lead to explosions or leaks.

　　建筑结构方面，防渗是重中之重。地面必须采用双层防渗设计，如 HDPE 膜与混凝土结合，确保渗透系数不超过 10cm/s，从根源上阻止危险废物渗漏至地下。墙面应设置 1.2 米高的防渗墙，并涂抹防腐涂层，以抵御危险废物中酸碱等腐蚀性物质的侵蚀。屋顶需具备良好的防雨防晒性能，防止雨水冲刷导致危险废物外流，以及阳光直射引发废物变质。同时，要配备通风口，保证空气流通，降低有害气体积聚的风险。建筑材料的选择必须与危险废物相容，避免发生化学反应，影响暂存间的稳定性与安全性。

　　In terms of building structure, anti-seepage is of utmost importance. The ground must adopt a double-layer anti-seepage design, such as combining HDPE film with concrete, to ensure that the permeability coefficient does not exceed 10cm/s, and to prevent hazardous waste from leaking underground from the root. The wall should be equipped with a 1.2-meter-high impermeable wall and coated with anti-corrosion coating to resist the erosion of corrosive substances such as acid and alkali in hazardous waste. The roof should have good rain and sun protection properties to prevent the outflow of hazardous waste caused by rainwater erosion and waste deterioration caused by direct sunlight. At the same time, ventilation openings should be equipped to ensure air circulation and reduce the risk of harmful gas accumulation. The selection of building materials must be compatible with hazardous waste to avoid chemical reactions that may affect the stability and safety of the temporary storage room.

　　分区管理旨在避免危险废物混放带来的潜在风险。不同类别的危险废物，如易燃、腐蚀性、毒性等，应分区分库存放。对于液态废物区，需设置围堰，其容积应不低于最大容器的储量，以便在容器泄漏时能及时收集泄漏液体，防止外流。不相容的废物之间应保持至少 3 米的间隔，例如酸与碱、氧化剂与还原剂等，防止相互接触引发剧烈反应。每个贮存分区都应设置清晰的标识，注明所存放危险废物的类别、特性等信息，便于管理与识别。

　　Partition management aims to avoid potential risks caused by the mixing of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste of different categories, such as flammable, corrosive, toxic, etc., should be stored in separate areas and warehouses. For the liquid waste area, a cofferdam should be set up with a volume not less than the maximum storage capacity of the container, in order to collect the leaked liquid in a timely manner in case of container leakage and prevent outflow. Incompatible waste should be kept at least 3 meters apart, such as acid and alkali, oxidant and reducing agent, to prevent contact and violent reactions. Each storage zone should be clearly labeled, indicating the category, characteristics, and other information of the hazardous waste being stored for easy management and identification.

　　安全设施是危废暂存间的重要保障。应配备防爆灯具，防止因电气设备产生的火花引发危险废物燃烧或爆炸；灭火器的类型需与危废特性相匹配，如针对易燃危废配备干粉灭火器，针对电气火灾配备二氧化碳灭火器。泄漏应急物资不可或缺，如吸附棉可用于吸附泄漏的液体，沙桶可用于覆盖易燃危废，应急池则用于收集大量泄漏的危险废物。同时，为保障工作人员的安全，还应设置洗眼器与喷淋装置，确保在 15 秒内工作人员能够迅速使用，以应对危险废物溅入眼睛或接触皮肤的紧急情况。

　　Safety facilities are an important guarantee for the temporary storage of hazardous waste. Explosion proof lighting fixtures should be equipped to prevent the combustion or explosion of hazardous waste caused by sparks generated by electrical equipment; The type of fire extinguisher should match the characteristics of hazardous waste, such as equipping dry powder fire extinguishers for flammable hazardous waste and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers for electrical fires. Emergency supplies for leaks are indispensable, such as absorbent cotton for absorbing leaked liquids, sand buckets for covering flammable hazardous waste, and emergency pools for collecting large amounts of leaked hazardous waste. At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the staff, eye wash stations and spray devices should also be installed to ensure that the staff can quickly use them within 15 seconds to respond to emergency situations where hazardous waste splashes into the eyes or comes into contact with the skin.

　　通风系统对于保持暂存间内空气清新、降低有害气体浓度至关重要。应采用强制通风方式，确保换气次数每小时不少于 6 次，及时排出危险废物挥发产生的有害气体。同时，安装 VOC / 有毒气体报警器，并与排风系统联动，当检测到有害气体浓度超标时，能自动启动排风装置，降低室内有害气体浓度，保障环境安全。

　　The ventilation system is crucial for maintaining fresh air and reducing the concentration of harmful gases in the temporary storage room. Forced ventilation should be adopted to ensure that the air exchange rate is not less than 6 times per hour, and the harmful gases generated by the volatilization of hazardous waste should be promptly discharged. At the same time, install VOC/toxic gas alarms and link them with the exhaust system. When the concentration of harmful gases exceeds the standard, the exhaust device can be automatically activated to reduce indoor harmful gas concentration and ensure environmental safety.

　　标识与台账管理是危废暂存间规范化运营的重要环节。危险废物标签应严格按照 GB 18597 标准制作，清晰标注废物名称、代码、危险特性等关键信息。在暂存间内，采用黄黑相间的警示线与文字说明进行分区标识，明确各区域的功能与所存放危险废物的种类。建立电子台账，详细记录危险废物的来源、数量、去向等信息，保存期限不少于 10 年，以便随时追溯与监管。此外，工作人员需持证上岗，通过专业的危废管理培训，熟悉危废暂存间的操作规范与应急处置流程，确保日常管理的专业性与安全性。

　　Identification and ledger management are important links in the standardized operation of hazardous waste storage rooms. Hazardous waste labels should be strictly produced in accordance with the GB 18597 standard, clearly indicating key information such as waste name, code, hazardous characteristics, etc. In the temporary storage room, yellow and black warning lines and text instructions are used for zoning identification, clarifying the functions of each area and the types of hazardous waste stored. Establish an electronic ledger to record in detail the source, quantity, destination, and other information of hazardous waste, with a retention period of no less than 10 years, for easy traceability and supervision at any time. In addition, staff members need to hold certificates and undergo professional hazardous waste management training to familiarize themselves with the operating procedures and emergency response processes of hazardous waste storage rooms, ensuring the professionalism and safety of daily management.

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